Cloud

Create Multiple AWS KMS keys and secrets with Terraform

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date September 19, 2022

Intro and Aim:

A quick post here as I didn’t find a suitable example online when researching.

The aim is to create multiple CMKs (Customer Managed Keys) in AWS KMS (Key Management Service) with Terraform with unique aliases from a list of variables.

We will also create secrets in AWS Secrets Manager with the newly created CMKs used for the Encryption key. For now the secrets will be created without contents.

Steps below:

Prerequisites:

Install terraform and set environment variables to connect to my AWS account (rather than entering keys in my terraform code.

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<ACCESSKEYID>
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<SECRET>
export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=<SESSTOK>

Code:

The key to achieving this aim was the use of count.index in my terraform code to create multiple resources of the same kind, interating through my list of variables.

Files:

$ find .
.
./output.tf
./main.tf
./secrets.tf
./env
./env/eu-west-1.tfvars
./variables.tf

main.tf:

provider "aws" {
  region = var.aws_region
}

resource "aws_kms_key" "clustername" {
  count       = length(var.clustername) //count will be number of keys
  description = var.clustername[count.index]
}

resource "aws_kms_alias" "clustername-alias" {
  count         = length(var.clustername) //count will be number of key aliases
  name          = "alias/${var.clustername[count.index]}-alias"
  target_key_id = aws_kms_key.clustername[count.index].key_id
}

secrets.tf (note the depends_on field, this ensures the KMS key alias is created before proceeding).

resource "aws_secretsmanager_secret" "app-keystore" {
  depends_on = [aws_kms_alias.clustername-alias]
  count      = length(var.clustername) //count will be number of keys
  name       = "${var.clustername[count.index]}-concat-app-keystore"
  kms_key_id = "alias/${var.clustername[count.index]}-alias"
}

variables.tf:

variable "aws_region" {
  type        = string
  description = "AWS provider to be used to create roles, policies, S3 objects, ..."
}

variable "clustername" {
  type = list(any)
}

./env/eu-west-1.tfvars

# Do not change the order of these default values. it will force the build to destory and rebuild
aws_region          = "eu-west-1"

clustername = [
             "euw1-test-c001",
             "euw1-test-c002",
             "euw1-test-c003",
             "euw1-test-c004",
             ]

output.tf:

output "kms_key_id" {
  value = aws_kms_key.clustername[*].arn
}

output "kms_alias_arn" {
  value = aws_kms_alias.clustername-alias[*].arn
}

output "aws_secretsmanager_secret" {
  value = aws_secretsmanager_secret.app-keystore[*].arn
}

Execution:

Use the terraform commands, init, validate, plan before applying with

terraform apply --var-file=./env/eu-west-1.tfvars

The output of terraform apply below:

Check via AWS console:

Here we see the keys created, along with the aliases:

And the secrets:

Clean Up:

Run terraform destroy to clean up the resources created:

References:

https://paulkamau.medium.com/terraform-tips-how-to-create-multiple-aws-s3-buckets-with-a-single-resource-config-c89c460a1aa6

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/concepts.html

https://www.terraform.io/language/meta-arguments/count

https://registry.terraform.io/providers/hashicorp/aws/latest/docs/resources/kms_key

https://registry.terraform.io/providers/hashicorp/aws/latest/docs/resources/kms_alias

https://www.terraform.io/language/meta-arguments/depends_on

https://blog.gruntwork.io/a-comprehensive-guide-to-managing-secrets-in-your-terraform-code-1d586955ace1

Cloud Linux

Configure path-based routing with Kubernetes ingress (AKS)

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date January 17, 2022

Aim:

Building on my last blog post https://ianstacey.net/2022/01/10/deploy-web-app-in-azure-kubernetes-service-aks-updated/ I wanted to enable path based routing in my cluster. Requests made to different path will be routed to different backend pods/services as shown below:

Create Kubernetes Deployments and Objects:

Created four different deployments and services, as stored in GitHub at https://github.com/iastac84/ltfc-sample-webapp, one of the deployments below:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: ltfckenny
  namespace: luton
  labels:
    app: ltfckenny
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
      matchLabels:
        app: ltfckenny
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: ltfckenny
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: ltfckenny
        image: nginx
        volumeMounts:
        - name: kenny-index
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
          subPath: index-kenny.html
        - name: images
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html/images
          subPath: images
      volumes:
      - name: kenny-index
        azureFile:
          secretName: azure-secret
          shareName: isnginxlt
          readOnly: false
      - name: images
        azureFile:
          secretName: azure-secret
          shareName: isnginxlt
          readOnly: false

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: ltfckenny
  namespace: luton
spec:
  selector:
    app: ltfckenny
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 80

Note the use of subPath in the volumesMounts section, I did this so I would only require one Azure File share, one place to upload the index-*.html and images files.

Created the deployments with kubectl apply -f as below:

kubectl apply -f luton-power-deployment.yaml 
kubectl apply -f luton-kenny-deployment.yaml 
kubectl apply -f luton-scenes-deployment.yaml 
kubectl apply -f luton-wembley-deployment.yaml

Create the Ingress:

Using https://github.com/iastac84/ltfc-sample-webapp/blob/main/ingress.yaml and created with kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: azure/application-gateway
    appgw.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-path-prefix: "/"
  generation: 1
  name: ltfc-ingress
  namespace: luton
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /kenny
        pathType: Exact
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfckenny
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /power
        pathType: Exact
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfcpwercrt
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /wembley
        pathType: Exact
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfcwembley
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /scenes
        pathType: Exact
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfcscenes
            port:
              number: 80
      - path: /
        pathType: Exact
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfcscenes
            port:
              number: 80

Note the annotation of appgw.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-path-prefix: “/” , this is required as the paths defined above do not exist on the backends, without this annotation we will receive 502 Bad Gateway errors.

$ kubectl get all -n luton
NAME                               READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/ltfckenny-57df74c5d-xw8pd      1/1     Running   0          138m
pod/ltfcpwercrt-59f8df7768-h29pn   1/1     Running   0          137m
pod/ltfcpwercrt-59f8df7768-lzq8r   1/1     Running   0          137m
pod/ltfcscenes-5f858456f8-zqdns    1/1     Running   0          137m
pod/ltfcwembley-764696f5c8-dwc99   1/1     Running   0          137m

NAME                  TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
service/ltfckenny     ClusterIP   10.0.171.202   <none>        80/TCP    4h16m
service/ltfcpwercrt   ClusterIP   10.0.158.150   <none>        80/TCP    4h23m
service/ltfcscenes    ClusterIP   10.0.173.150   <none>        80/TCP    4h14m
service/ltfcwembley   ClusterIP   10.0.79.15     <none>        80/TCP    4h12m

NAME                          READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/ltfckenny     1/1     1            1           4h16m
deployment.apps/ltfcpwercrt   2/2     2            2           4h23m
deployment.apps/ltfcscenes    1/1     1            1           4h14m
deployment.apps/ltfcwembley   1/1     1            1           4h12m

NAME                                     DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/ltfckenny-57df74c5d      1         1         1       4h16m
replicaset.apps/ltfcpwercrt-59f8df7768   2         2         2       4h23m
replicaset.apps/ltfcscenes-5f858456f8    1         1         1       4h14m
replicaset.apps/ltfcwembley-764696f5c8   1         1         1       4h12m


$ kubectl describe ingress ltfc-ingress -n luton
Name:             ltfc-ingress
Labels:           <none>
Namespace:        luton
Address:          52.164.122.170
Default backend:  default-http-backend:80 (<error: endpoints "default-http-backend" not found>)
Rules:
  Host        Path  Backends
  ----        ----  --------
  *           
              /kenny     ltfckenny:80 (10.10.20.36:80)
              /power     ltfcpwercrt:80 (10.10.20.10:80,10.10.20.39:80)
              /wembley   ltfcwembley:80 (10.10.20.50:80)
              /scenes    ltfcscenes:80 (10.10.20.17:80)
              /          ltfcscenes:80 (10.10.20.17:80)
Annotations:  appgw.ingress.kubernetes.io/backend-path-prefix: /
              kubernetes.io/ingress.class: azure/application-gateway
Events:       <none>

Update Application Gateway:

Lastly, I updated the Application Gateway (AGW) via the Azure portal, creating a new HTTPS listeners, uploading my SSL cert, updating the rules and creating a redirect for HTTP to HTTPS. Doing this manually is not ideal as if the ingress is updated (for instance with another apply) these changes will be lost as the ingress automatically updates the AGW.

Testing

https://ltfc.ianstacey.net and https://ltfc.ianstacey.net/scenes

https://ltfc.ianstacey.net/power

https://ltfc.ianstacey.net/kenny

https://ltfc.ianstacey.net/wembley

Resources:

Cloud Linux

Deploy Web App in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) – Updated

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date January 10, 2022

Aim:

Securely publish website in a new AKS (Azure Kubernetes Service) cluster.

Create the Azure Resources:

For this project to work we require the Azure CLI version 2.0.53 or later. Run az –version to find the version.

Use ‘az login’ to log into the Azure account:

az login

This command opens the default browser and loads the Azure sign-in page, I have two-factor authentication enabled and need my phone to confirm access.

Set Variables:

export RG=DEVIREAPP
export LOCATION=northeurope
export VNET=vndevireap
export AKSNAME=devireaks02
export STORAGEACCT=devirestor0110
export CIDR=10.202

export ACR=acr4devire
export AGW=devaksAGWopenop
export AGWPIP=devagwPIPopenop

Create a new Resource Group and Virtual Network:

az group create --name $RG --location $LOCATION 
az network vnet create -g $RG -n $VNET --address-prefix $CIDR.0.0/16

Create subnets:

One subnet for the AKS cluster and another for Application Gateway

az network vnet subnet create --address-prefixes $CIDR.0.0/22 --name=AKSSubnet -g $RG --vnet-name $VNET

az network vnet subnet create --address-prefixes $CIDR.4.0/24 --name=AppGwSubnet -g $RG --vnet-name $VNET

Check with:

$ az network vnet subnet list -g $RG --vnet-name $VNET -o table
AddressPrefix    Name         PrivateEndpointNetworkPolicies    PrivateLinkServiceNetworkPolicies    ProvisioningState    ResourceGroup
---------------  -----------  --------------------------------  -----------------------------------  -------------------  ---------------
10.202.0.0/22    AKSSubnet    Enabled                           Enabled                              Succeeded            DEVIREAPP
10.202.4.0/24    AppGwSubnet  Enabled                           Enabled                              Succeeded            DEVIREAPP

Create an Azure Container Registry:

I will not use this initially, but I will create for future use.

az acr create --resource-group $RG --name $ACR --sku Basic
## List images in registry (None yet) 
az acr repository list --name $ACR --output table

Create Storage Account and Azure File share

Following https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/azure-files-volume

#Set variables:
AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME=devirestor0110
AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP=DEVIREAPP
AKS_PERS_LOCATION=northeurope
AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME1=devpwrshare01
AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME2=devkrshare01

az storage account create -n $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME -g $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP -l $AKS_PERS_LOCATION --sku Standard_LRS

export AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING=$(az storage account show-connection-string -n $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME -g $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP -o tsv)

echo $AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING

az storage share create -n $AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME1 --connection-string $AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING

az storage share create -n $AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME2 --connection-string $AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING

STORAGE_KEY=$(az storage account keys list --resource-group $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP --account-name $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME --query "[0].value" -o tsv)

echo $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME

echo $STORAGE_KEY

Upload index.html files and images folders to file share via Azure Portal

The index.html page is based on https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_coming_soon.asp and related to one of my favorite subjects Luton Town FC! 🙂

Create AKS Cluster:

With the CLI, there are many options available, see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/aks?view=azure-cli-latest#az-aks-create

# Get Subnet ID and set as variable
SUBNET_ID=$(az network vnet subnet show --resource-group $RG --vnet-name $VNET --name AKSSubnet --query id -o tsv)

az aks create \
    --resource-group $RG \
    --name $AKSNAME \
    --node-count 2 \
    --node-vm-size standard_b2s \
    --generate-ssh-keys \
    --zones 1 2 \
    --attach-acr $ACR \
    --network-plugin azure \
    --vnet-subnet-id $SUBNET_ID \
    --enable-managed-identity

The new AKS cluster will appear in the resource group that we created, however, the automatically created Application Gateway instance will be in the node resource group, where the agent pools are. The node resource group by is named MC_resource-group-name_cluster-name_location by default, but can be modified. See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/application-gateway/tutorial-ingress-controller-add-on-new#deploy-an-aks-cluster-with-the-add-on-enabled for more.

Connect to the cluster:

If necessary install the Kubernetes CLI (az aks install-cli) and then connect:

$ az aks get-credentials --resource-group $RG --name $AKSNAME
Merged "devireaks02" as current context in /home/istacey/.kube/config

$ kubectl get nodes -o wide
NAME                                STATUS   ROLES   AGE     VERSION   INTERNAL-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   OS-IMAGE             KERNEL-VERSION     CONTAINER-RUNTIME
aks-nodepool1-30510450-vmss000000   Ready    agent   8m22s   v1.21.7   10.202.0.4    <none>        Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS   5.4.0-1064-azure   containerd://1.4.9+azure
aks-nodepool1-30510450-vmss000001   Ready    agent   8m7s    v1.21.7   10.202.0.35   <none>        Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS   5.4.0-1064-azure   containerd://1.4.9+azure

Deploy a new Application Gateway:

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/application-gateway/tutorial-ingress-controller-add-on-existing#deploy-a-new-application-gateway

# First create new PublicIP 
az network public-ip create -n $AGWPIP -g $RG --allocation-method Static --sku Standard

# Then deploy the App Gateway
az network application-gateway create -n $AGW -l $LOCATION -g $RG --sku Standard_v2 --public-ip-address $AGWPIP --vnet-name $VNET --subnet AppGwSubnet

List as below, note a ingress-appgw-deployment pod will be created in the cluster.

$ az network application-gateway list -g $RG -o table
Location     Name         OperationalState    ProvisioningState    ResourceGroup    ResourceGuid
-----------  -----------  ------------------  -------------------  ---------------  ------------------------------------
northeurope  DevIreAppGW  Running             Succeeded            DEVIREAPP        84cb167c-2505-4c52-be15-1c4eb54e198f

Enable the AGIC add-on:

As per : https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/application-gateway/tutorial-ingress-controller-add-on-existing#enable-the-agic-add-on-in-existing-aks-cluster-through-azure-cli

appgwId=$(az network application-gateway show -n $AGW -g $RG -o tsv --query "id") 

az aks enable-addons -n $AKSNAME -g $RG -a ingress-appgw --appgw-id $appgwId

Create the Kubernetes Deployment

Create new namespace:

kubectl create ns luton

Create a Kubernetes secret:

kubectl -n luton create secret generic azure-secret --from-literal=azurestorageaccountname=$AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME --from-literal=azurestorageaccountkey=$STORAGE_KEY

Deploy the Application:

The kubectl apply command will set up the sample application that uses AGIC for Ingress to the cluster. AGIC will update the Application Gateway created earlier with corresponding routing rules to the new application deployed.

$ cat luton-power-deployment.yaml 
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: ltfcpwercrt
  namespace: luton
  labels:
    app: ltfcpwercrt
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
      matchLabels:
        app: ltfcpwercrt
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: ltfcpwercrt
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: ltfcpwercrt
        image: nginx
        volumeMounts:
        - name: powermount
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      volumes:
      - name: powermount
        azureFile:
          secretName: azure-secret
          shareName: devpwrshare01
          readOnly: false

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: ltfcpwercrt
  namespace: luton
spec:
  selector:
    app: ltfcpwercrt
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 80

---

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: ltfcpwercrt
  namespace: luton
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: azure/application-gateway
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          service:
            name: ltfcpwercrt
            port:
              number: 80
        pathType: Exact


$ kubectl apply -f luton-power-deployment.yaml 
deployment.apps/ltfcpwercrt created
service/ltfcpwercrt created
ingress.networking.k8s.io/ltfcpwercrt created

Basic checks:

Also get Public IP.

$ kubectl get all -n luton
NAME                               READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/ltfcpwercrt-6499d886b7-9xb97   1/1     Running   0          25s
pod/ltfcpwercrt-6499d886b7-w4vkz   1/1     Running   0          25s

NAME                  TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
service/ltfcpwercrt   ClusterIP   10.0.145.174   <none>        80/TCP    26s

NAME                          READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/ltfcpwercrt   2/2     2            2           26s

NAME                                     DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/ltfcpwercrt-6499d886b7   2         2         2       26s


$ kubectl get ingress -n luton
NAME          CLASS    HOSTS   ADDRESS         PORTS   AGE
ltfcpwercrt   <none>   *       40.127.142.70   80      33s

$ kubectl get deployment ingress-appgw-deployment -n kube-system  
NAME                       READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
ingress-appgw-deployment   1/1     1            1           7h33m

And Test:

Add DNS record in AWS Route 53:

$ nslookup ltfc.ianstacey.net | grep answer -A2
Non-authoritative answer:
Name:	ltfc.ianstacey.net
Address: 40.127.142.70

Generate SSL Certificate to use HTTPS:

Following https://www.nginx.com/blog/using-free-ssltls-certificates-from-lets-encrypt-with-nginx with my DNS record temporarily re-pointing to a Ubuntu VM

#From Ubuntu VM with nginx and the Let’s Encrypt client, certbot, already installed. 

$ sudo vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/ltfc.ianstacey.net.conf
$ cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/ltfc.ianstacey.net.conf
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;
    root /var/www/html;
    server_name ltfc.ianstacey.net;
}

$ sudo nginx -t && sudo nginx -s reload
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

$ sudo certbot --nginx -d ltfc.ianstacey.net
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator nginx, Installer nginx
Obtaining a new certificate....

Export the SSL Cert:

# cd /etc/letsencrypt/live/ltfc.ianstacey.net/

# openssl pkcs12 -export -out certificate.pfx -inkey privkey.pem -in cert.pem -certfile chain.pem 
Enter Export Password:
Verifying - Enter Export Password:

Add HTTPS listener:

scp the certificate.pfx file to the local desktop and add HTTPS listener to the App Gateway via the portal:

Create HTTP to HTTPS redirect:

Add routing rule:

App Gateway Views:

Test HTTPS:

HTTP and HTTPS requests are now securely directed to https://ltfc.ianstacey.net

The Finished Architecture:

Resources:

Clean Up

When no longer needed, remove the resource group, application gateway, and all related resources.

az group delete --name $RG 
az group delete --name MC_DEVIREAPP_devireaks02_northeurope

Cloud Linux

Deploy Web App in Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date October 24, 2021

Aim:

Publish website in new AKS (Azure Kubernetes Service) cluster, initially following the tutorial at https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/tutorial-kubernetes-prepare-acr?tabs=azure-cli

Create the Azure Resources:

`This tutorial requires that you’re running the Azure CLI version 2.0.53 or later. Run az –version to find the version.

Use ‘az login’ to log into the Azure account:

az login

The CLI will open your default browser, and load an Azure sign-in page, I have two-factor authentication enabled and need my phone to confirm access.

Create a new Resource Group:

az group create --name AKS4BIM02 --location northeurope

Create an Azure Container Registry:

I will not use this initially, but I will create for future use.

az acr create --resource-group AKS4BIM02 --name acr4BIM --sku Basic

## List images in registry (None yet) 

az acr repository list --name acr4BIM --output table

Create the AKS cluster:

See options described at the following links:

istacey@DUB004043:~$ az aks create \
>     --resource-group AKS4BIM02 \
>     --name AKS4BIM02 \
>     --node-count 2 \
>     --generate-ssh-keys \
>     --zones 1 2

Connect to the cluster:

If necessary install the Kubernetes CLI (az aks install-cli) and then connect:

$ az aks get-credentials --resource-group AKS4BIM02 --name AKS4BIM02
Merged "AKS4BIM02" as current context in /home/istacey/.kube/config

$ kubectl get nodes -o wide
NAME                                STATUS   ROLES   AGE     VERSION   INTERNAL-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   OS-IMAGE             KERNEL-VERSION     CONTAINER-RUNTIME
aks-nodepool1-88432225-vmss000000   Ready    agent   7m22s   v1.20.9   10.240.0.4    <none>        Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS   5.4.0-1059-azure   containerd://1.4.9+azure
aks-nodepool1-88432225-vmss000001   Ready    agent   7m17s   v1.20.9   10.240.0.5    <none>        Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS   5.4.0-1059-azure   containerd://1.4.9+azure

Create Storage Account and Azure File share

Following https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/azure-files-volume

#Set variables:
AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME=istacestorageacct01
AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP=AKS4BIM02
AKS_PERS_LOCATION=northeurope
AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME=aksshare4bim02

az storage account create -n $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME -g $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP -l $AKS_PERS_LOCATION --sku Standard_LRS

export AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING=$(az storage account show-connection-string -n $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME -g $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP -o tsv)

echo $AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING

az storage share create -n $AKS_PERS_SHARE_NAME --connection-string $AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING

STORAGE_KEY=$(az storage account keys list --resource-group $AKS_PERS_RESOURCE_GROUP --account-name $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME --query "[0].value" -o tsv)

echo Storage account name: $AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME

echo $STORAGE_KEY

Create a Kubernetes secret:

kubectl create secret generic azure-secret --from-literal=azurestorageaccountname=$AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME --from-literal=azurestorageaccountkey=$STORAGE_KEY

Upload index.html and images folder to file share via Azure Portal

index.html based on https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_coming_soon.asp and related to one of my favorite subjects Luton Town FC! 🙂

Create the Kubernetes Deployment

Create new namespace:

kubectl create ns isnginx

Create new deployment yaml manifest file:

$ vi nginx-deployment.yaml

$ cat nginx-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: isnginx-deployment
  namespace: isnginx
  labels:
    app: isnginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
      matchLabels:
        app: isnginx-deployment
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: isnginx-deployment
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: isnginx-deployment
        image: nginx
        volumeMounts:
        - name: nginxtest01
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
      volumes:
      - name: nginxtest01
        azureFile:
          secretName: azure-secret
          shareName: aksshare4bim02
          readOnly: false

Create the deployment:

$ kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps/isnginx-deployment created

$ kubectl rollout status deployment isnginx-deployment -n isnginx
Waiting for deployment "isnginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 0 of 2 updated replicas are available...

$ kubectl -n isnginx describe pod isnginx-deployment-5ff78ff678-7dphq  | tail -5
  Type     Reason       Age                  From               Message
  ----     ------       ----                 ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled    2m32s                default-scheduler  Successfully assigned isnginx/isnginx-deployment-5ff78ff678-7dphq to aks-nodepool1-88432225-vmss000000
  Warning  FailedMount  29s                  kubelet            Unable to attach or mount volumes: unmounted volumes=[nginxtest01], unattached volumes=[default-token-lh6xf nginxtest01]: timed out waiting for the condition
  Warning  FailedMount  24s (x9 over 2m32s)  kubelet            MountVolume.SetUp failed for volume "aksshare4bim02" : Couldn't get secret isnginx/azure-secret

Mount failing as secret created in the default namespace.

Create a secret in the isnginx namespace:

kubectl -n isnginx create secret generic azure-secret --from-literal=azurestorageaccountname=$AKS_PERS_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_NAME --from-literal=azurestorageaccountkey=$STORAGE_KEY

$ kubectl -n isnginx get secret
NAME                  TYPE                                  DATA   AGE
azure-secret          Opaque                                2      97m
default-token-lh6xf   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      104m

Remove the deployment and recreate:

$ kubectl delete -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "isnginx-deployment" deleted

$ kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps/isnginx-deployment created

$ kubectl rollout status deployment isnginx-deployment -n isnginx
Waiting for deployment "isnginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 0 of 2 updated replicas are available...
Waiting for deployment "isnginx-deployment" rollout to finish: 1 of 2 updated replicas are available...
deployment "isnginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

$ kubectl -n isnginx get all
NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/isnginx-deployment-6b8d9db99c-2kj5l   1/1     Running   0          80s
pod/isnginx-deployment-6b8d9db99c-w65gp   1/1     Running   0          80s

NAME                                 READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/isnginx-deployment   2/2     2            2           80s

NAME                                            DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/isnginx-deployment-6b8d9db99c   2         2         2       80s

Create service / Expose deployment

And get external IP:

$ kubectl -n isnginx expose deployment isnginx-deployment --port=80 --type=LoadBalancer
service/isnginx-deployment exposed

$ kubectl -n isnginx get svc
NAME                 TYPE           CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)        AGE
isnginx-deployment   LoadBalancer   10.0.110.58   20.93.54.110   80:30451/TCP   95m

Test with curl and web browser:

$ curl http://20.93.54.110 | grep -i luton
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  2139  100  2139    0     0  44562      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 45510
    <p>Luton Town's New Stadium</p>

Create HTTPS ingress:

AIM: Create HTTPS ingress with signed certificate and redirect http requests to HTTPS. Following https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/ingress-tls

Create Ingress controller:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.0.4/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml

$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get all
NAME                                            READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-create-twnd7        0/1     Completed   0          8m3s
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-patch-vnsj4         0/1     Completed   1          8m3s
pod/ingress-nginx-controller-5d4b6f79c4-mknxc   1/1     Running     0          8m4s

NAME                                         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                      AGE
service/ingress-nginx-controller             LoadBalancer   10.0.77.11   20.105.96.112   80:31078/TCP,443:31889/TCP   8m4s
service/ingress-nginx-controller-admission   ClusterIP      10.0.2.37    <none>          443/TCP                      8m4s

NAME                                       READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/ingress-nginx-controller   1/1     1            1           8m4s

NAME                                                  DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/ingress-nginx-controller-5d4b6f79c4   1         1         1       8m4s

NAME                                       COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-create   1/1           1s         8m3s
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-patch    1/1           3s         8m3s

Add an A record to DNS zone

$ IP=20.105.96.112
$ DNSNAME="istac-aks-ingress"
$ PUBLICIPID=$(az network public-ip list --query "[?ipAddress!=null]|[?contains(ipAddress, '$IP')].[id]" --output tsv)
$ az network public-ip update --ids $PUBLICIPID --dns-name $DNSNAME

$ az network public-ip show --ids $PUBLICIPID --query "[dnsSettings.fqdn]" --output tsv
istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com

$ az network public-ip show --ids $PUBLICIPID --query "[dnsSettings.fqdn]" --output tsv | nslookup
Server:         89.101.160.4
Address:        89.101.160.4#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com
Address: 20.105.96.112

Install cert-manager with helm:

$ kubectl label namespace ingress-nginx cert-manager.io/disable-validation=true
namespace/ingress-nginx labeled

$ helm repo add jetstack https://charts.jetstack.io
"jetstack" has been added to your repositories

$ helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "ingress-nginx" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "jetstack" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈

$ helm install cert-manager jetstack/cert-manager \
>   --namespace ingress-nginx \
> --set installCRDs=true \
> --set nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux

NAME: cert-manager
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Oct 25 10:56:51 2021
NAMESPACE: ingress-nginx
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
cert-manager v1.5.4 has been deployed successfully!

$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get all
NAME                                            READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
pod/cert-manager-88ddc7f8d-ltz9z                1/1     Running     0          158m
pod/cert-manager-cainjector-748dc889c5-kcdx7    1/1     Running     0          158m
pod/cert-manager-webhook-55dfcc5474-tbrz2       1/1     Running     0          158m
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-create-twnd7        0/1     Completed   0          3h45m
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-patch-vnsj4         0/1     Completed   1          3h45m
pod/ingress-nginx-controller-5d4b6f79c4-mknxc   1/1     Running     0          3h45m

NAME                                         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                      AGE
service/cert-manager                         ClusterIP      10.0.7.50      <none>          9402/TCP                     158m
service/cert-manager-webhook                 ClusterIP      10.0.132.151   <none>          443/TCP                      158m
service/ingress-nginx-controller             LoadBalancer   10.0.77.11     20.105.96.112   80:31078/TCP,443:31889/TCP   3h45m
service/ingress-nginx-controller-admission   ClusterIP      10.0.2.37      <none>          443/TCP                      3h45m

NAME                                       READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/cert-manager               1/1     1            1           158m
deployment.apps/cert-manager-cainjector    1/1     1            1           158m
deployment.apps/cert-manager-webhook       1/1     1            1           158m
deployment.apps/ingress-nginx-controller   1/1     1            1           3h45m

NAME                                                  DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/cert-manager-88ddc7f8d                1         1         1       158m
replicaset.apps/cert-manager-cainjector-748dc889c5    1         1         1       158m
replicaset.apps/cert-manager-webhook-55dfcc5474       1         1         1       158m
replicaset.apps/ingress-nginx-controller-5d4b6f79c4   1         1         1       3h45m

NAME                                       COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-create   1/1           1s         3h45m
job.batch/ingress-nginx-admission-patch    1/1           3s         3h45m

Create a CA cluster issuer:

$ vi cluster-issuer.yaml
$ cat cluster-issuer.yaml
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: ian@ianstacey.net
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt
    solvers:
    - http01:
        ingress:
          class: nginx
          podTemplate:
            spec:
              nodeSelector:
                "kubernetes.io/os": linux
$ kubectl apply -f cluster-issuer.yaml
clusterissuer.cert-manager.io/letsencrypt created

Create an ingress route:

$ cat http7-ingress.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: powercourt-ingress
  namespace: isnginx
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$2
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com
    secretName: tls-secret
  defaultBackend:
    service:
      name: isnginx-clusterip
      port:
        number: 80


$ kubectl apply -f http7-ingress.yaml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/powercourt-ingress configured

Check resources:

$ kubectl -n isnginx describe ingress powercourt-ingress
Name:             powercourt-ingress
Namespace:        isnginx
Address:          20.105.96.112
Default backend:  isnginx-clusterip:80 (10.244.0.7:80,10.244.1.4:80)
TLS:
  tls-secret terminates istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com
Rules:
  Host        Path  Backends
  ----        ----  --------
  *           *     isnginx-clusterip:80 (10.244.0.7:80,10.244.1.4:80)
Annotations:  cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt
              kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
              nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$2
              nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: true
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age                   From                      Message
  ----    ------             ----                  ----                      -------
  Normal  Sync               13m (x10 over 3h51m)  nginx-ingress-controller  Scheduled for sync
  Normal  UpdateCertificate  13m (x3 over 25m)     cert-manager              Successfully updated Certificate "tls-secret"


$ kubectl get  certificate tls-secret --namespace isnginx
NAME         READY   SECRET       AGE
tls-secret   True    tls-secret   144m

$ kubectl get  certificate tls-secret --namespace isnginx -o yaml
apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-10-25T10:17:02Z"
  generation: 4
  name: tls-secret
  namespace: isnginx
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    blockOwnerDeletion: true
    controller: true
    kind: Ingress
    name: powercourt-ingress
    uid: e93a8939-1ed6-444b-b2db-b26aedf01dd8
  resourceVersion: "122626"
  uid: 79631ea4-541b-4251-9c7b-ad5294e6bbc0
spec:
  dnsNames:
  - istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com
  issuerRef:
    group: cert-manager.io
    kind: ClusterIssuer
    name: letsencrypt
  secretName: tls-secret
  usages:
  - digital signature
  - key encipherment
status:
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2021-10-25T12:28:08Z"
    message: Certificate is up to date and has not expired
    observedGeneration: 4
    reason: Ready
    status: "True"
    type: Ready
  notAfter: "2022-01-23T11:28:06Z"
  notBefore: "2021-10-25T11:28:07Z"
  renewalTime: "2021-12-24T11:28:06Z"
  revision: 4

Test:

http requests to http://istac-aks-ingress.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com are successfully redirected to https:

The finished architecture:

Cloud Linux

Kubernetes Home Lab (part 2)

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date October 11, 2021

Bootstrap the cluster with kubeadm:

Following on from part one, we will create our new Kubernetes cluster.

Our Kubernetes Cluster Topology:

A single master/control plane node and two worker nodes:

Deployment Steps

To deploy the cluster, we will first take care of the prerequisites, install docker and install kubeadm, following the Kubernetes documentation:

Installing kubeadm, kubelet and kubectl

We will install these packages on all the machines:

kubeadm: the command to bootstrap the cluster.
kubelet: the component that runs on all of the machines in your cluster and does things like starting pods and containers.
kubectl: the command line util to talk to your cluster.

For specific versions:

sudo apt-get install -y kubelet=1.21.0-00 kubeadm=1.21.0-00 kubectl=1.21.0-00

Initialize / Create the Cluster:

We can then create our cluster with ‘kubeadm init’

https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/create-cluster-kubeadm/

Bootstrap – Attempt 1

My first attempt failed due to a cgroups_memory issue:

root@k8s-master01:~# kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.0.185
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.22.2
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] The system verification failed. Printing the output from the verification:

root@k8s-master01:~# docker info | head
Client:
Context:    default
Debug Mode: false
Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.5.1-docker)

Server:
Containers: 2
  Running: 0
root@k8s-master01:~# docker info | grep -i cgroup
Cgroup Driver: systemd
Cgroup Version: 1
WARNING: No memory limit support
WARNING: No swap limit support
WARNING: No kernel memory TCP limit support
WARNING: No oom kill disable support

cgroups Fix

The fix is described here https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122734.

As there is no grub with Ubuntu on Raspberry Pi (https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/475973/cant-find-etc-default-grub) I simply had to edit /boot/firmware/cmdline.txt and reboot.

root@k8s-master01:~# cat /boot/firmware/cmdline.txt
net.ifnames=0 dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=serial0,115200 console=tty1 root=LABEL=writable rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline rootwait fixrtc cgroup_enable=memory swapaccount=1

After reboot:

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ uptime

20:54:27 up 1 min,  1 user,  load average: 1.36, 0.52, 0.19
istacey@k8s-master01:~$ cat /proc/cmdline
coherent_pool=1M 8250.nr_uarts=1 snd_bcm2835.enable_compat_alsa=0 snd_bcm2835.enable_hdmi=1 bcm2708_fb.fbwidth=0 bcm2708_fb.fbheight=0 bcm2708_fb.fbswap=1 smsc95xx.macaddr=DC:A6:32:02:F0:6E vc_mem.mem_base=0x3ec00000 vc_mem.mem_size=0x40000000  net.ifnames=0 dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyS0,115200 console=tty1 root=LABEL=writable rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline rootwait fixrtc cgroup_enable=memory swapaccount=1 quiet splash

Bootstrap – Attempt 2

Second attempt is successful:

root@k8s-master01:~# kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.0.185
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.22.2
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
        [WARNING SystemVerification]: missing optional cgroups: hugetlb
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.0.185]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 localhost] and IPs [192.168.0.185 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 localhost] and IPs [192.168.0.185 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 28.511339 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.22" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master01 as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master01 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: oq7hb9.vtmiw210ozvi2grh
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 192.168.0.185:6443 --token oq7hb9.vtmiw210ozvi2grh \
        --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:c87681fc7fec18f015f974e558d8436113019fefbf91123bb5c5190466b5854d
root@k8s-master01:~#

Install the pod network add-on (CNI)

We will use Weave for this cluster

https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#how-to-implement-the-kubernetes-networking-model

https://www.weave.works/docs/net/latest/kubernetes/
https://www.weave.works/docs/net/latest/kubernetes/kube-addon/

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl apply -f "https://cloud.weave.works/k8s/net?k8s-version=$(kubectl version | base64 | tr -d '\n')"
serviceaccount/weave-net created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
daemonset.apps/weave-net created
istacey@k8s-master01:~$

Check Nodes are ready and pods running:

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get nodes
NAME           STATUS   ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
k8s-master01   Ready    control-plane,master   13m   v1.22.2

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get pods -A
NAMESPACE     NAME                                   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE
kube-system   coredns-78fcd69978-cnql6               1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   coredns-78fcd69978-k4bnk               1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   etcd-k8s-master01                      1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-k8s-master01   1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   kube-proxy-lx8bj                       1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   0             14m
kube-system   weave-net-f7f7h                        2/2     Running   1 (99s ago)   2m2s

Join the two Worker Nodes:

To get the join token:

kubeadm token create --help
kubeadm token create --print-join-command

Check once the two nodes are joined

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get nodes
NAME           STATUS   ROLES                  AGE    VERSION
k8s-master01   Ready    control-plane,master   18m    v1.22.2
k8s-worker01   Ready    <none>                 2m4s   v1.22.2
k8s-worker02   Ready    <none>                 51s    v1.22.2

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get ds -n kube-system
NAME         DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE SELECTOR            AGE
kube-proxy   3         3         3       3            3           kubernetes.io/os=linux   18m
weave-net    3         3         3       3            3           <none>                   6m10s

Quick Test:

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl run nginx --image=nginx
pod/nginx created
istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME    READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE   IP       NODE           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          23s   <none>   k8s-worker01   <none>           <none>
istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx   1/1     Running   0          27s   10.44.0.1   k8s-worker01   <none>           <none>

istacey@k8s-master01:~$ kubectl delete po nginx
pod "nginx" deleted

Part 1 here:

Kubernetes Home Lab (part 1)

Cloud

AWS Free Tier Expired

Post author By user
Post date September 27, 2021

Migrating to AWS Lightsail

As per the title my 12 months free tier usage for this AWS account has expired. As this website would cost me around $60 per month, I decided to migrate to AWS Lightsail, with prices starting at a more attractive $3.50 per month. Thankfully I had billing alerts configured to warn me on the increased spend.

The process to migrate was simple enough following the online instructions, first exporting my current site, deploying a new WordPress Bitnami image on Amazon Lightsail and then importing.

I had some configuration to do in terms of the site, enabling HTTPS, assigning a free static IP and updating Route 53.

Once I was happy with the migration, I took final backups from the old architecture including a final snapshot of the RDS database instance before deleting the resources.

Cloud Linux

Extend Ceph Storage for Kubernetes Cluster

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date August 26, 2021

Scenario:

4 worker nodes with 25GB raw disk used in a ceph block cluster. As we are running low on space, we will extend the raw disks to 50GB and update rook-ceph accordingly.

Ceph OSD Management

Ceph Object Storage Daemons (OSDs) are the heart and soul of the Ceph storage platform. Each OSD manages a local device and together they provide the distributed storage. Rook will automate creation and management of OSDs to hide the complexity based on the desired state in the CephCluster CR as much as possible. This guide will walk through some of the scenarios to configure OSDs where more configuration may be required.

OSD Health

The rook-ceph-tools pod provides a simple environment to run Ceph tools. The ceph commands mentioned in this document should be run from the toolbox.

Once the is created, connect to the pod to execute the ceph commands to analyze the health of the cluster, in particular the OSDs and placement groups (PGs). Some common commands to analyze OSDs include:

ceph status
ceph osd tree
ceph osd status
ceph osd df
ceph osd utilization

kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it $(kubectl -n rook-ceph get pod -l "app=rook-ceph-tools" -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') bash

Status Before:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status                                                                        cluster:
    id:     13c5138f-f2f6-46ea-8ee0-4966330ac081
    health: HEALTH_OK

  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c (age 13h)
    mgr: a(active, since 13h)
    osd: 4 osds: 4 up (since 13h), 4 in (since 13h)

  data:
    pools:   2 pools, 129 pgs
    objects: 5.12k objects, 19 GiB
    usage:   63 GiB used, 37 GiB / 100 GiB avail
    pgs:     129 active+clean

  io:
    client:   60 KiB/s wr, 0 op/s rd, 1 op/s wr


[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl --kubeconfig=/home/istacey/.kube/config-hr -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r -- ceph osd  status
ID  HOST        USED  AVAIL  WR OPS  WR DATA  RD OPS  RD DATA  STATE
 0  worker002  10.9G  14.0G      1      151k      0        0   exists,up
 1  worker003  10.9G  14.0G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
 2  worker004  11.1G  13.8G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
 3  worker001  9.98G  15.0G      0        0       0        0   exists,up


istacey@worker001:~$ lsblk | grep sdb -A1
sdb                                                                                                     8:16   0   25G  0 disk
└─ceph--f067bb6e--522a--48c6--a2a8--8930d15dc02f-osd--block--dc871464--0a16--484a--8fa8--b723eec178f1 253:10   0   25G  0 lvm

Raw Disk Extended:

istacey@worker001:~$ lsblk | grep sdb -A2 
sdb                                                             8:16   0   50G  0 disk
└─ceph--f067bb6e--522a--48c6--a2a8--8930d15dc02f-osd--block--dc871464--0a16--484a--8fa8--b723eec178f1
                                                              253:10   0   25G  0 lvm

Remove the OSDs (one at a time):

https://github.com/rook/rook/blob/master/Documentation/ceph-osd-mgmt.md#remove-an-osd

To remove an OSD due to a failed disk or other re-configuration, consider the following to ensure the health of the data through the removal process:

Confirm you will have enough space on your cluster after removing your OSDs to properly handle the deletion
Confirm the remaining OSDs and their placement groups (PGs) are healthy in order to handle the rebalancing of the data
Do not remove too many OSDs at once
Wait for rebalancing between removing multiple OSDs

If all the PGs are active+clean and there are no warnings about being low on space, this means the data is fully replicated and it is safe to proceed. If an OSD is failing, the PGs will not be perfectly clean and you will need to proceed anyway.

Scale down rook-ceph-operator and the OSD deployments:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl get deployment -n rook-ceph | grep opera
rook-ceph-operator                   1/1     1            1           77d

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph scale deployment rook-ceph-operator --replicas=0
deployment.apps/rook-ceph-operator scaled

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl get deployment -n rook-ceph | grep opera
rook-ceph-operator                   0/0     0            0           77d

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status | egrep 'health|osds|usage'
    health: HEALTH_OK
    osd: 4 osds: 4 up (since 13h), 4 in (since 13h)
    usage:   63 GiB used, 37 GiB / 100 GiB avail

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl get deployment -n rook-ceph | grep osd
rook-ceph-osd-0                      1/1     1            1           38h
rook-ceph-osd-1                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-2                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-3                      1/1     1            1           77d

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph scale deployment rook-ceph-osd-0 --replicas=0
deployment.apps/rook-ceph-osd-0 scaled

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl get deployment -n rook-ceph | grep osd
rook-ceph-osd-0                      0/0     0            0           38h
rook-ceph-osd-1                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-2                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-3                      1/1     1            1           77d

Down and out the OSD

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd down osd.0
osd.0 is already down.

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status | egrep 'health|osds|usage'
    health: HEALTH_WARN
            1 osds down
            1 host (1 osds) down
    osd: 4 osds: 3 up (since 101s), 4 in (since 13h); 1 remapped pgs
    usage:   63 GiB used, 37 GiB / 100 GiB avail

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd tree
ID  CLASS  WEIGHT   TYPE NAME           STATUS  REWEIGHT  PRI-AFF
-1         0.09760  root default
-9         0.02440      host worker001
 3    hdd  0.02440          osd.3           up   1.00000  1.00000
-3         0.02440      host worker002
 0    hdd  0.02440          osd.0         down   1.00000  1.00000
-5         0.02440      host worker003
 1    hdd  0.02440          osd.1           up   1.00000  1.00000
-7         0.02440      host worker004
 2    hdd  0.02440          osd.2           up   1.00000  1.00000

### Mark the OSD as out:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd out osd.0
marked out osd.0.

Wait for the data to finish backfilling to other OSDs.

ceph status will indicate the backfilling is done when all of the PGs are active+clean.

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status
  cluster:
    id:     13c5138f-f2f6-46ea-8ee0-4966330ac081
    health: HEALTH_WARN
            Degraded data redundancy: 3171/15372 objects degraded (20.628%), 80 pgs degraded, 80 pgs undersized

  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c (age 13h)
    mgr: a(active, since 13h)
    osd: 4 osds: 3 up (since 4m), 3 in (since 96s); 80 remapped pgs

  data:
    pools:   2 pools, 129 pgs
    objects: 5.12k objects, 19 GiB
    usage:   50 GiB used, 25 GiB / 75 GiB avail
    pgs:     3171/15372 objects degraded (20.628%)
             78 active+undersized+degraded+remapped+backfill_wait
             49 active+clean
             2  active+undersized+degraded+remapped+backfilling

  io:
    client:   71 KiB/s wr, 0 op/s rd, 1 op/s wr
    recovery: 6.5 MiB/s, 1 objects/s

### backfilling is done:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status | egrep 'health|osds|usage'
    health: HEALTH_OK
    osd: 4 osds: 3 up (since 22m), 3 in (since 19m)
    usage:   62 GiB used, 13 GiB / 75 GiB avail

Remove the OSD from the Ceph cluster

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd purge osd.0 --yes-i-really-mean-it
purged osd.0

### Note osd.0 is on worker002:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl get pods -n rook-ceph -o wide | grep osd | grep -v prepare
rook-ceph-osd-1-6c468554f4-8btvj                      1/1     Running     3          26h   10.42.171.207    worker003   <none>           <none>
rook-ceph-osd-2-5f8ffcd5bb-p44d4                      1/1     Running     1          25h   10.42.64.205     worker004   <none>           <none>
rook-ceph-osd-3-5d8b989cb-4hf8h                       1/1     Running     5          27h   10.42.7.26       worker001   <none>           <none>

Zap the disk

https://github.com/rook/rook/blob/master/Documentation/ceph-teardown.md#zapping-devices

As root clean and Prepare the disk on the VM:

DISK="/dev/sdb"
dd if=/dev/zero of="$DISK" bs=1M count=100 oflag=direct,dsync
ls /dev/mapper/ceph-* | xargs -I% -- dmsetup remove %
rm -rf /dev/ceph-*
rm -rf /dev/mapper/ceph--*
partprobe $DISK


[root@worker002 ~]# lsblk

NAME                MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb                   8:16   0   50G  0 disk

Scale back up and let osd rejoin:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph scale deployment rook-ceph-operator --replicas=1
deployment.apps/rook-ceph-operator scaled

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph scale deployment rook-ceph-osd-0 --replicas=1
deployment.apps/rook-ceph-osd-0 scaled

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph get deployment | egrep 'rook-ceph-operator|rook-ceph-osd'
rook-ceph-operator                   1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-0                      1/1     1            1           39h
rook-ceph-osd-1                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-2                      1/1     1            1           77d
rook-ceph-osd-3                      1/1     1            1           77d

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd tree
ID  CLASS  WEIGHT   TYPE NAME           STATUS  REWEIGHT  PRI-AFF
-1         0.12199  root default
-9         0.02440      host worker001
 3    hdd  0.02440          osd.3           up   1.00000  1.00000
-3         0.04880      host worker002
 0    hdd  0.04880          osd.0           up   1.00000  1.00000
-5         0.02440      host worker003
 1    hdd  0.02440          osd.1           up   1.00000  1.00000
-7         0.02440      host worker004
 2    hdd  0.02440          osd.2           up   1.00000  1.00000

istacey@worker002:~$ lsblk | grep sdb -A1
sdb                                                                                                     8:16   0   50G  0 disk
└─ceph--ea8115b7--5418--41b9--b4d3--d6e22526dbb1-osd--block--68cfcb49--f858--46f2--979f--dc266e4e6cf0 253:10   0   50G  0 lvm

Wait for rebalance…

Rebalancing done….

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status
  cluster:
    id:     13c5138f-f2f6-46ea-8ee0-4966330ac081
    health: HEALTH_OK

  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c (age 14h)
    mgr: a(active, since 14h)
    osd: 4 osds: 4 up (since 32m), 4 in (since 32m)

  task status:

  data:
    pools:   2 pools, 129 pgs
    objects: 5.12k objects, 19 GiB
    usage:   63 GiB used, 62 GiB / 125 GiB avail
    pgs:     129 active+clean

  io:
    client:   73 KiB/s wr, 0 op/s rd, 2 op/s wr

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r -- ceph df
--- RAW STORAGE ---
CLASS  SIZE     AVAIL   USED    RAW USED  %RAW USED
hdd    125 GiB  62 GiB  59 GiB    63 GiB      50.14
TOTAL  125 GiB  62 GiB  59 GiB    63 GiB      50.14

--- POOLS ---
POOL                   ID  PGS  STORED  OBJECTS  USED    %USED  MAX AVAIL
device_health_metrics   1    1     0 B        0     0 B      0     15 GiB
replicapool             3  128  19 GiB    5.12k  58 GiB  55.89     15 GiB

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd status
ID  HOST        USED  AVAIL  WR OPS  WR DATA  RD OPS  RD DATA  STATE
 0  worker002  20.5G  29.4G      1      156k      0        0   exists,up
 1  worker003  13.2G  11.7G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
 2  worker004  14.3G  10.6G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
 3  worker001  14.5G  10.4G      0     4095       0        0   exists,up

Repeat for next 3 OSDs…

The operator ideally will automatically create the new OSD within a few minutes of adding the new device or updating the CR. If you don’t see a new OSD automatically created, restart the operator (by deleting the operator pod) to trigger the OSD creation.

Extra step after hitting an issue:

Pod in error and storage not available on node, edit with kubectl after scaling operations

### Edit with kubectl and remove node:

kubectl edit CephCluster rook-ceph -n rook-ceph 

    - deviceFilter: sdb
      name: worker001
      resources: {}

End result:

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph status
  cluster:
    id:     13c5138f-f2f6-46ea-8ee0-4966330ac081
    health: HEALTH_OK
 
  services:
    mon: 3 daemons, quorum a,b,c (age 3h)
    mgr: a(active, since 22h)
    osd: 4 osds: 4 up (since 94m), 4 in (since 94m)
 
  data:
    pools:   2 pools, 33 pgs
    objects: 5.12k objects, 19 GiB
    usage:   63 GiB used, 137 GiB / 200 GiB avail
    pgs:     33 active+clean
 
  io:
    client:   49 KiB/s wr, 0 op/s rd, 1 op/s wr
 
[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd status
ID  HOST        USED  AVAIL  WR OPS  WR DATA  RD OPS  RD DATA  STATE
0  worker002  12.7G  37.2G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
1  worker003  16.2G  33.7G      1     24.7k      0        0   exists,up
2  worker004  15.2G  34.7G      0        0       0        0   exists,up
3  worker001  18.6G  31.3G      0      819       0        0   exists,up 

[istacey@master001 ~]$ kubectl -n rook-ceph exec -it rook-ceph-tools-5d9d5db5bc-npz4r  -- ceph osd tree
ID  CLASS  WEIGHT   TYPE NAME           STATUS  REWEIGHT  PRI-AFF
-1         0.09760  root default
-9         0.02440      host worker001
 3    hdd  0.02440          osd.3           up   1.00000  1.00000
-3         0.02440      host worker002
 0    hdd  0.02440          osd.0           up   1.00000  1.00000
-5         0.02440      host worker003
 1    hdd  0.02440          osd.1           up   1.00000  1.00000
-7         0.02440      host worker004
 2    hdd  0.02440          osd.2           up   1.00000  1.00000

References:

https://github.com/rook/rook/blob/master/Documentation/ceph-osd-mgmt.md#remove-an-osd

https://github.com/rook/rook/issues/2997

https://docs.ceph.com/en/mimic/rados/operations/add-or-rm-osds/

https://www.cloudops.com/blog/the-ultimate-rook-and-ceph-survival-guide/

Linux

Basic HA NFS Server with Keepalived

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date July 20, 2021

Aim

Create a simple NFS HA cluster on RHEL7 VMs with local storage as shown below. The VMs run as guests on a RHEL 8 server running KVM. Connections with be made from the local network and pods running in a Kubernetes cluster will mount as PersistentVolumes.

Also I will create a SFTP chroot jail for incoming client sftp connections.

Prerequisites

Install and enable nfs, keepalived and rsync packages

sudo yum install -y nfs-utils keepalived rsync

sudo systemctl enable nfs-server
sudo systemctl enable keepalived

keepalived --version

Get IP info

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ ip --brief a s
lo               UNKNOWN        127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0             UP             10.12.6.111/25 fe80::5054:ff:fe79:79b3/64
eth1             UP             192.168.112.111/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe06:8dc5/64
eth2             UP             10.12.8.103/28 fe80::5054:ff:fec6:428f/64

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ ip --brief a s
lo               UNKNOWN        127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0             UP             10.12.6.112/25 fe80::5054:ff:fef5:765e/64
eth1             UP             192.168.112.112/24 fe80::5054:ff:fead:fa64/64
eth2             UP             10.12.8.104/28 fe80::5054:ff:fef5:13de/64

VIP DETAILS:
VIP – NSF nfsvip 10.12.8.102
NSF_01 nfs-server01 10.12.8.103
NSF_02 nfs-server02 10.12.8.104

Configure keepalived

Server 1

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth2
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 255
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        10.12.8.102
    }
}

Server 2:

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface eth2
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 254
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        10.12.8.102
    }
}

Test with ping:


[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ ping 10.12.8.102
PING 10.12.8.102 (10.12.8.102) 56(84) bytes of data.
From 10.12.8.104 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable
From 10.12.8.104 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable
From 10.12.8.104 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable
From 10.12.8.104 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable
^C
--- 10.12.8.102 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 0 received, +4 errors, 100% packet loss, time 2999ms
pipe 4
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$


[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo systemctl start  keepalived
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ sudo systemctl start  keepalived

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ ping 10.12.8.102
PING 10.12.8.102 (10.12.8.102) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.12.8.102: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.123 ms
64 bytes from 10.12.8.102: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.116 ms
64 bytes from 10.12.8.102: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.104 ms

Show VIP:

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ ip --brief a s
lo               UNKNOWN        127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128
eth0             UP             10.12.6.111/25 fe80::5054:ff:fe79:79b3/64
eth1             UP             192.168.112.111/24 fe80::5054:ff:fe06:8dc5/64
eth2             UP             10.12.8.103/28 10.12.8.102/32 fe80::5054:ff:fec6:428f/64
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$

Create SFTP chroot jail

Create the sftpusers group and the user on both servers:

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo groupadd -g 15000 nfsrsync
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo groupadd -g 15001 vmnfs1
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo groupadd -g 15002 sftpusers

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo useradd -u 15000 -g nfsrsync nfsrsync
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo useradd -u 15001 -g vmnfs1 vmnfs1

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo usermod -aG sftpusers,nfsrsync vmnfs1

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo mkdir /NFS/vmnfs1
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo mkdir /NFS/vmnfs1/home
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo mkdir /NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo chown vmnfs1:sftpusers /NFS/vmnfs1/home

Note, change permission for the users chrooted “home” directory only. It’s important to leave everything else with the default root permissions.

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ find /NFS -type d -exec ls -ld {} \;
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 20 Jul 20 15:52 /NFS
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 18 Jul 20 15:00 /NFS/vmnfs1
drwxr-xr-x 3 vmnfs1 sftpusers 52 Jul 20 15:16 /NFS/vmnfs1/home
drwxrwxrwx 2 vmnfs1 nfsrsync 59 Jul 20 15:31 /NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management

Update ssh and restart the service:

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo cat  /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep Subsys -A3
#Subsystem      sftp    /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server
Subsystem   sftp    internal-sftp -d /home
Match Group sftpusers
ChrootDirectory /NFS/%u
ForceCommand internal-sftp -d /home/voucher-management

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo  systemctl restart sshd

Note: the ForceCommand option drops the sftp user into a subdirectory

To test first check ssh, this should throw an error:

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ ssh vmnfs1@nfs-server01
vmnfs1@nfs-server01's password:
Last login: Tue Jul 20 15:13:33 2021 from nfs-server02-om.ocs.a1.hr
/bin/bash: No such file or directory
Connection to nfs-server01 closed.
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$

OR: 

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ ssh vmnfs1@nfs-server01
vmnfs1@nfs-server01's password:
This service allows sftp connections only.
Connection to nfs-server01 closed.
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$

The user can no longer connect via ssh. Let’s try sftp:

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ sftp  vmnfs1@nfs-server01
vmnfs1@nfs-server01's password:
Connected to nfs-server01.
sftp> pwd
Remote working directory: /home/voucher-management
sftp> ls
testfile       testfile1      testfiledate
sftp> quit
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$

As required the user is dropped into the /home/voucher-management (/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management/ on the server).

Finally make sure a regular user can still log in via ssh without the chroot restrictions and we’re done with this part, successfully configuring the sftp server with a jailed chroot user.

Configure rsync

As we are only using local storage and not shared storage, we will synchronize the folders with rsync

On both servers I created a user account called nfsrsync, verified folder owership and permissions, generated and copied ssh keys.

[nfsrsync@nfs-server01 ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
[nfsrsync@nfs-server01 .ssh]$ cp id_rsa.pub authorized_keys

[nfsrsync@nfs-server01 ~]$ ssh-copy-id nfs-server02
[nfsrsync@nfs-server01 .ssh]$ scp id_rsa* nfs-server02:~/.ssh/

Add cron job to run rsync in both directions with a push. I chose not to run rsync as a daemon for this solution

[nfsrsync@nfs-server01 ~]$ crontab -l
*/5 * * * * rsync -rt /NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management/ nfsrsync@nfs-server02:/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management/

[nfsrsync@nfs-server02 ~]$ crontab -l
*/5 * * * * rsync -rt /NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management/ nfsrsync@nfs-server01:/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management/
[nfsrsync@nfs-server02 ~]$

Configure NFS

On both servers:

[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo vi /etc/exports
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ cat /etc/exports
/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management     *(rw,no_root_squash)
[istacey@nfs-server01 ~]$ sudo systemctl start nfs-server

Verify with showmount and test mounting the share, from server 2:

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ sudo mount nfs-server01:/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management  /mnt
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ df -h /mnt
Filesystem                                          Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
nfs-server01:/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management  100G   33M  100G   1% /mnt
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ mount | grep nfs4
nfs-server01:/NFS/vmnfs1/home/voucher-management on /mnt type nfs4 (rw,relatime,vers=4.1,rsize=1048576,wsize=1048576,namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,clientaddr=10.12.6.112,local_lock=none,addr=10.12.6.111)
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$

[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$ find /mnt
/mnt
/mnt/testfile
/mnt/testfile1
/mnt/testfiledate
[istacey@nfs-server02 ~]$

And we are done.

References

Keepalived: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/keepalived-basics

rsync: https://www.atlantic.net/vps-hosting/how-to-use-rsync-copy-sync-files-servers/

chroot jail: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2399571 , ForceCommand: https://serverfault.com/questions/704869/forward-sftp-user-to-chroot-subdirectory-after-authentication

Cloud

Updating my WordPress Environment on Amazon EC2

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date July 15, 2021

Decoupling my WordPress Architecture:

In a previous post I described the creation of this site in AWS. Now is the time to decouple the infrastructure and remove the reliance on the previously created EC2 instance.

By default WordPress is storing data in two different ways, often locally on the same VM/instances.

MySQL database: articles, comments, users and parts of the configuration are stored in a MySQL database, I’m already using an RDS managed MySQL database here to avail of the benefits that brings.
File system: media files uploaded are stored on the file system, in my case under /var/www/html/wp-content. This means if the EC2 instance is terminated that data is lost.

The Aim:

To create an ephemeral, stateless instance, outsourcing content to S3 and EFS.
Create an Auto Scaling group, with a launch template to scale in/out a fleet of instances, in my case, to stick to the free tier, I will set a maximum capacity of 1.

EFS: Elastic File System:

Amazon EFS provides scalable file storage for use with Amazon EC2 and I will use it for my wp-content folder. I also have some images stored in S3. Like S3 EFS has resiliency across Availability Zones. With Amazon EFS, you do pay for the resources that you use, but my footprint is very low and I do not expect any charges over a few cents.

To use EFS I:

Created a new EFS file system and mounted as /efs/wp-content
Copied the contents of /var/www/html/wp-content to the temporary mount
Unmounted the EFS and remounted in /var/www/html/wp-content, making the mount persistent by updating /etc/fstab
Check the website and the WordPress Update functionality.

Auto Scaling:

An Auto Scaling group contains a collection of Amazon EC2 instances that are treated as a logical grouping for the purposes of automatic scaling and management. An Auto Scaling group also enables you to use Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling features such as health check replacements and scaling policies.

Here I:

Created a new AMI from my original EC2 instance
Created a Launch Template (LT) containing the configuration information to launch new instances, including passing specific launch commands in the user data section.
Tested new instances by updating the ELB targets
After successfully testing, I terminated my previous instances, created a new ASG and updated the ELB targets.

Wrap Up:

My environment is much more resilient now with no dependency on a single EC2 instance, high-availability has been introduced at all levels, although to keep to the free tier, my RDS DB instance is not Multi-AZ. Next I’ll tear everything down and redeploy with CloudFormation.

Cloud Linux

Kubernetes Home Lab (part 1)

Post author By Ian Stacey
Post date July 13, 2021

Infrastructure:

Ideally I wanted to run a home Kubernetes cluster on three or more Raspberry PIs, but at the time of writing I only have one suitable PI 4 at home and stock appears to be in short supply. Instead I will use what I have, mixing and matching devices.

One HP Z200 Workstation with 8GB RAM, running Ubuntu 20.04 with KVM running 2 Ubuntu VMs that I’ll designate as worker nodes in the cluster.
1 Raspberry PI4 Model B 2GB RAM running Ubuntu 20.04 that I’ll use as the Kubernetes Master / Control Plane node.

My makeshift home lab with Stormtrooper on patrol!

Install and Prepare Ubuntu 20.04 on the Z200 / Configure the KVM Hypervisor:

Install Ubuntu on the Z200 Workstation via a bootable USB stick.

Install cpu-checker and verify that the system can use KVM acceleration.

sudo apt install cpu-checker
sudo kvm-ok

The workstation to be used as my hypervisor

Install KVM Packages:

sudo apt install qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients bridge-utils virt-manager virtinst

sudo systemctl status libvirtdsudo 

systemctl enable --now libvirtd

Authorize User and Verify the install:

sudo usermod -aG libvirt $USER
sudo usermod -aG kvm $USER

sudo virsh list --all

Configure Bridged Networking:

Bridged networking allows the virtual interfaces to connect to the outside network through the physical interface, making them appear as normal hosts to the rest of the network. https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KVM/Networking#Bridged_Networking

ip --brief a s
brctl show
nmcli con show

sudo nmtui

Verify with

ip --brief a s
brctl show
nmcli con show

Configure Private Virtual Switch:

Use virsh to create the private network:

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ vi /tmp/br0.xml
istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ cat /tmp/br0.xml
<network> 
  <name>br0</name> 
  <forward mode="bridge"/> 
  <bridge name="br0" /> 
</network>
istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ sudo virsh net-list --all
 Name      State    Autostart   Persistent
--------------------------------------------
 default   active   yes         yes

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ sudo virsh net-define /tmp/br0.xml 
Network br0 defined from /tmp/br0.xml

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ sudo virsh net-start br0
Network br0 started

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ sudo virsh net-autostart br0
Network br0 marked as autostarted

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$ sudo virsh net-list --all
 Name      State    Autostart   Persistent
--------------------------------------------
 br0       active   yes         yes
 default   active   yes         yes

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~$

Enable incoming ssh:

sudo apt update 
sudo apt install openssh-server
sudo systemctl status ssh

Test KVM

To test KVM, I created a temporary VM via the Virtual Machine Manager GUI (virt-manager), connected to the br0 bridge and used ssh to connect.

Install Vagrant:

KVM is all that is required to create VMs, either manually through the virt-manager GUI or scripted via virt-install, ansible or other automation tool, but for this exercise I thought I’d try Vagrant. I plan to build and rebuild this lab frequently and Vagrant is a popular tool for quickly spinning up VMs. It is not something I’d previously played with, so I thought I’d check it out.

Download and install

Installed as per https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.

curl -fsSL https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

sudo apt-add-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main"
  102  

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install vagrant

vagrant --version

Enable Libvirt provider plugin

We need to install the libvirt provider plugin as Vagrant is only aware Hyper-V, Docker and Oracle Virtualbox by default as shown below.

However I hit the following bug when trying to install:

istacey@ubuntu-z200-01:~/vagrant$ vagrant plugin install vagrant-libvirt
Installing the 'vagrant-libvirt' plugin. This can take a few minutes...
Building native extensions. This could take a while...
Vagrant failed to properly resolve required dependencies. These
errors can commonly be caused by misconfigured plugin installations
or transient network issues. The reported error is:

ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.

....

common.c:27:10: fatal error: st.h: No such file or directory
   27 | #include <st.h>
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make: *** [Makefile:245: common.o] Error 1

make failed, exit code 2

Gem files will remain installed in /home/istacey/.vagrant.d/gems/3.0.1/gems/ruby-libvirt-0.7.1 for inspection.
Results logged to /home/istacey/.vagrant.d/gems/3.0.1/extensions/x86_64-linux/3.0.0/ruby-libvirt-0.7.1/gem_make.out

The bug is described here: https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/12445#issuecomment-876254254

After applying the suggested hotfix, I was able to install the plugin and test successfully:

Vagrant VM and manually provisioned VM running

Create the Worker Node VMs

With KVM working and Vagrant configured we can create the VMs that will become worker nodes in the K8s cluster. Below is my Vagrantfile to spin up two VMs, I referred to https://github.com/vagrant-libvirt/vagrant-libvirt for options:

Vagrant.configure('2') do |config|
  config.vm.box = "generic/ubuntu2004"
  
  config.vm.define :k8swrk01 do |k8swrk01|
    k8swrk01.vm.hostname = "k8s-worker01"
    k8swrk01.vm.network :private_network, type: "dhcp",
      libvirt__network_name: "br0"
    k8swrk01.vm.provider :kvm do |kvm, override|
      kvm.memory_size     = '2048m'
      kvm.cpus            = '2'
    end
  end

  config.vm.define :k8swrk02 do |k8swrk02|
    k8swrk02.vm.hostname = "k8s-worker02"
    k8swrk02.vm.network :private_network, type: "dhcp",
      libvirt__network_name: "br0"
    k8swrk02.vm.provider :kvm do |kvm, override|
      kvm.memory_size     = '2048m'
      kvm.cpus            = '2'
    end
  end

end